The empire of the "Black Khans" (Turkish: Qara-Qaγan, Chinese: Hala hanchao 哈喇汗朝, Heihan wangchao 黑汗王朝) was established during the 9th century and lasted for 150 years. The historical material about this empire is very scarce, and we know very little about the origin of the ruling house whose language was Turkish. The founder of the Qara-Khanid empire is said to be the Qarluq (Chinese: Geluolu 葛邏祿) Turk Külbilgä Qadir Khan ("Quepiqie Kadir" 闕毗伽‧卡迪爾汗) who had converted to Islam. Qadir Khan lead a federation of seveal Turkish tribes that were loosely ruled from the capital at Balashagun 八剌沙袞 (modern Tokmak/Kirgizstan) in the west and a secondary Khan from Daluosi 怛邏斯 (Talas; modern Jiangbur/Kazakhstan). Khan Hārūm (Hasan) conquered the city of Bukhara (Bukhara; modern orthography: Buhoro) and enlarged the territory of the Khanate into the fertile land between the Rivers Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya. The Karakhanids had to fight against Turkish Selcuk (Seljuk) states in the west, the empire of Khwarezm (Khowarezm) in northern Iran, the oasis state of Khorāzān (Khurazan) and the Turkish sultans of Ghazna (modern Afghanistan). In 1041 the Khanate split into a western and an eastern part. The western part was reigned by a khan named Ali and occupied the territory between the Amu-Darya in modern Uzbekistan eastwards to the Ferghana Basin, with the capital at Bukhara. The eastern part was reigned by Hasan Bughla and his descendants from Balashagun, but with Kashgar as important religious and cultural center. The most famous literary person of this city is Maħmūd al-Kašγarī (Mahmud al-Kashgari) who wrote an Arab-Turkish dictionary (Divan-i lugat Il-Turk). Yusuf Has Hacib's chronicle Kutadgu Bilig is unfortunatley lost. From 1132 on both empires stood under the domination of the Western Liao empire that was founded by a descendant of the Khitan Liao Dynasty. In 1211 the Mongols occupied the Eastern Khanate, the following year the Western Khanate. The Eastern Khanate of the Qarakhanids had intensive trade and diplomatic contact with the Song empire from 1009 on. For a long time Arab historians thought that China consisted of three empires: Song, Liao, and the Eastern Qarakhans. The Qarakhanid empires were the first Muslim empires of the Turks, and from then on the Syrian and Soghdian script was replaced by the Arab alphabet.	Karakhans Kol Bilge Qara Khan (850-880 ?) Bazir Khan (? -910 ?) Sutuq Bughra Qara Khan 'Abd al-Karim (920-956) Musa Bughra Khan (956-958) Suleyman Arslan Khan (958-970 ?) 'Ali Arslan Khan (970-998) Ahmad Arslan Toghan Khan I (998-1017) Mansur Arslan Khan (017-1024) Ahmad Toghan Khan II (1024-1026) Yusuf Qadir Khan (1026-1032) Suleyman Arslan Khan II (1032-1040 d. 1056; Qagan in east 1040-56) Khans of Kashgar, Khokand and Ferghana Nasr Tigin (1013) Mansur Abu'l Muzaffar Arslan Khan (1013-1024) Mohammed 'Ayn al-Dawla (c. 1041-c. 1052) Ibrahim Abu Ishaq Tamghach Khan (fl. c. 1059) 'Abd al-Mu'min 'Ali al-Hasan Tigin Husayn Djalal al-Dunya wa'l-Din (1132-1156) Mahmud Toghan Khan (1156-1164) Ibrahim Arslan Khan (1164-1178 d. 1203; in Bokhara 1178-1203) Nasr (1178- ?) Mohammed (? -c. 1182) Qadir Khan Djalal al-Dunya wa'l-Din (? -1209) Mahmud (? -1213) Eastern Karakhans Seref ed-Devle Ebu-Suca Suleyman ben Yusuf, Mohammed (1056-1057) Huseyin (1057-1058) Ibrahim Mahmud ben Yusuf Omer Bugra Han el-Hasan ben Suleyman (1075-?) Ahmed Ibrahim II Ilig-i Turkmen Mohammed II, Ebu'l-Muzaffer Yusuf Khans of Bokhara 'Ali Tigin (c. 1020-1034) Yusuf (1034-c. 1060) Arslan Tigin (1034-c. 1060) Mohammed I (1042-c. 1052) Ibrahim I Abu Ishaq Bori Tigin Tamghach (c. 1052-1068) Western Karakhans Ibn Mohammed ben Nasrv Ebu Ishak ibn Ibrahim Sems'uu-Malik Ibn Nasr (1068-1080) Ebu Suca el-Hizr (1080-1081) Ahmet (1081-1089/95) Ibn Mesud ben Mohammed (1095-?) ...2 rulers Kadir Han Cibrail Ben Omer (Harun, -1102) Arslan Han II. Mohammed ben Suleyman (1102-1129) Ahmed II ...2 rulers Il-Mahmud ben Mohammed (1132-1141) Ibrahim III (1141-1156) Ali ben Hasan (1156-1161) Ebu'l Muzaffer Mesut II (1161-1178) Ibrahim IV ben el-Huseyin (1178-1204) Osman (1204-1212)