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The Fengsu tongyi 風俗通義 "Comprehensive meaning of customs and habits" is an enyclopedic collection of various matters compiled by the Later Han period 後漢 (25-220) scholar Ying Shao 應劭. Ying Shao was an active politician during the last decades of the Han dynasty, but also compiled a lot of books, like the Zhonghan jilu 中漢輯錄, Hanguanyi 漢官儀 or Liyi gushi 禮儀故事, as well as a short commentary to the Hanshu 漢書. He seems to have specialized in the administrative history of the Han dynasty. The 10 juan "scrolls" long Fengsu tongyi was written in the aftermath of the Yellow Turban uprising 黃巾起義. Ying Shao tried to describe a lot of common matters valid as knowledge among the population, with the incentive to establish a standard of what was important for common knowledge and state administration. His chapters Yanli 愆禮 and Guoyu 過譽 are critical towards the lavishness of his times and the superfluous aspects of many rituals and open praises made at the court. The chapter Shengyin 聲音 is very important for the history of music. The chapter Shanze 山澤 is a valuable supplement for the history of ancient China's rivers. Parts of the chapter Guishen 怪神 served as source for the collection Soushenji 搜神記. The Fengsu tongyi was praised as a rich source on many aspects of Han period life. Later it was almost forgotten and is barely investigated.
The received version have all 10 juan. Only the version in Wu Wan's 吳琯 Gujin yishi 古今逸史 has 4 juan. Yet the imperial bibliography Jingji zhi 經濟志 in the official dynastic history Suishu 隋書 speaks of 31 juan. The size of 10 juan is documented in Song period 宋 (960-1279) sources. A lot of chapters was apparently lost before the Song period. Of the 20 lost chapters, at least the names are known from records by Su Song 蘇頌 and Lu Xinyuan 陸心源. Kang Zongrong's 康仲容 Zichao 子抄 from the Liang period 梁 (502-557) and Ma Zong's 馬縂 Yilin 意林 from the Tang period 唐 (618-907) both quote from the Fengsu tongyi, as well as the large Song period encyclopedia Taiping yulan 太平御覽.
The oldest print dates from the Dade reign 大德 (1297-1307) of the Yuan period 元 (1279-1368)
which is based on an earlier edition by Ding Fu 丁黼 who had used two different versions of the Fengsu tongyi for his lost edition. The Yuan print was reproduced during the Ming period 明 (1368-1644) by Yao Ruo 姚若. The Fengsu tongyi is included in the collectanea Han-Wei congshu 漢魏叢書, Gezhi congshu 格致叢書, Gujin yishi 古今逸史, Bai mingjia shu 百名家書, Zishu baizhong 子書百種, Mishu ershiyi zhong 秘書二十一種, Siku quanshu 四庫全書 and Sibu congkan 四部叢刊. There is a chapter on families (Xingshi pian 姓氏篇) in the Zhangshi congshu 張氏叢書. In 1980, the Tianjin renmin press 天津人民出版社 published Wu Shuping's 吳樹平 commentary Fengsu tongyi jiaoshi 風俗通義校釋.
Source: Li Xueqin 李學勤, Lü Wenyu 呂文鬰 (1996). Siku da cidian 四庫大辭典, vol. 2, p. 1944. Changchun: Jilin daxue chubanshe.
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1 皇霸 Huangba Emperorship and hegemony
2 (formerly no. 6) 正失 Zhengshi Right and wrong
3 (8) 愆禮 Yanli Indulgence in rituals
4 (7) 過譽 Guoyu Extravagant honouring
5 (9) 十反 Shifan The ten reverses
6 (13) 聲音 Shengyin Sounds and tones
7 (15) 窮通 Qiongtong Exhaustingly covering
8 (20) 祀典 Sidian Sacrificial statutes
9 (31) 怪神 Guaishen Strange events and deities
10 (24) 山澤 Shanze Mountains and swamps
Lost chapters:
心政 Xinzheng The rule of the heart
古制 Guzhi Ancient government institutions
陰教 Yinjiao Teachings about women
辨惑 Bianhuo Discourses on doubtful matters
折當 Zhedang Decision for the proper
恕度 Shudu Measures for benevolence
嘉號 Jiahao Good terms
徽稱 (穢稱) Huicheng Designations
情遇 (恃遇) Qingyu (Shiyu) About feelings
姓氏 Xingshi Family names
諱篇 Huipian Posthumous names
釋忌 (釋忘) Shiji (Shiwang) Forgetfulness
輯事 Jishi Collected statements
服妖 Fuyao Subjection of evil spirits
喪祭 Sangji Funeral offerings
宮市 Gongshi Palaces and capital markets
市井 Shijing Markets and field allotment
數紀 Shuji Mathematics
新秦 Xin Qin A new assessment of the state of Qin
獄法 Yufa Penal law
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Chinese literature according to the four-category system
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